Mukund R. Patel, «Wind and Solar Power Systems»
CRC Press | ISBN 0849316057 | March 30, 1999 | PDF | 5.9 Mb | 368 Pages
| “ | Book Description Wind and solar energy are pollution-free sources of abundant power. With renewable power generation expected to become more and more profitable with open access to transmission lines and rapid growth around the world, the design, operation, and control of alternative energy resources becomes an essential field of study. Wind and Solar Power Systems provides a comprehensive treatment of this rapidly growing segment of the power industry. It provides the fundamentals of wind and solar power generation, energy conversion and storage, and the operational aspects of power electronics and the quality of power. It covers in detail the design, operation, and control methods applicable to stand-alone as well as grid-connected power systems and discusses the present status of and the on-going research in renewable power around the world.Wind and Solar Power Systems stands as the most modern, complete book available on renewable energy. Electrical, environmental and mechanical engineering professionals along with policy-makers evaluating the renewable energy potential of their regions will find in it the background and the details they need for decision making. Synopsis: Renewable Power Systems explains how wind and solar energy generate electrical power. The book covers the fundamentals of the wind and photovoltaic power generation -- design, operation, and control methods applicable to the stand-alone as well as grid-connected power systems -- steady state as well as dynamic performance and operation -- methods for extracting the maximum power at a given site -- past and present trends as well as anticipated growth -- and energy maps of several countries, useful for assessing the annual energy potential of any site. TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. Introduction 1 (6) 1.1 Industry Overview 1 (2) 1.2 Incentives for Renewables 3 (1) 1.3 Utility Perspective 4 (2) 1.3.1 Modularity 4 (2) 1.3.2 Emission-Free 6 (1) References 6 (1) 2. Wind Power 7 (10) 2.1 Wind in the World 7 (3) 2.2 The U.S.A. 10 (3) 2.3 Europe 13 (1) 2.4 India 14 (1) 2.5 Mexico 14 (1) 2.6 Ongoing Research and Development 15 (1) References 15 (2) 3. Photovoltaic Power 17 (18) 3.1 Present Status 19 (5) 3.2 Building Integrated pv Systems 24 (2) 3.3 pv Cell Technologies 26 (4) 3.3.1 Single-Crystalline Silicon 26 (1) 3.3.2 Polycrystalline and Semicrystalline 26 (1) 3.3.3 Thin Films 27 (1) 3.3.4 Amorphous Silicon 27 (1) 3.3.5 Spheral 28 (1) 3.3.6 Concentrated Cells 29 (1) 3.4 pv Energy Maps 30 (3) References 33 (2) 4. Wind Speed and Energy Distributions 35 (36) 4.1 Speed and Power Relations 35 (2) 4.2 Power Extracted from the Wind 37 (2) 4.3 Rotor Swept Area 39 (1) 4.4 Air Density 40 (1) 4.5 Global Wind Patterns 41 (2) 4.6 Wind Speed Distribution 43 (14) 4.6.1 Weibull Probability Distribution 44 (4) 4.6.2 Mode and Mean Speeds 48 (1) 4.6.3 Root Mean Cube Speed 49 (1) 4.6.4 Mode, Mean, and rmc Speeds Compared 50 (1) 4.6.5 Energy Distribution 51 (2) 4.6.6 Digital Data Loggers 53 (1) 4.6.7 Effect of Height 54 (1) 4.6.8 Importance of Reliable Data 55 (2) 4.7 Wind Speed Prediction 57 (1) 4.8 Wind Resource Maps 57 (12) 4.8.1 The U.S.A. 57 (2) 4.8.2 Minnesota 59 (1) 4.8.3 The United Kingdom 59 (1) 4.8.4 Europe 59 (1) 4.8.5 Mexico 59 (2) 4.8.6 India 61 (8) References 69 (2) 5. Wind Power System 71 (22) 5.1 System Components 71 (7) 5.1.1 Tower 72 (1) 5.1.2 Turbine Blades 73 (3) 5.1.3 Yaw Control 76 (1) 5.1.4 Speed Control 76 (2) 5.2 Turbine Rating 78 (3) 5.3 Electrical Load Matching 81 (1) 5.4 Variable-Speed Operation 82 (1) 5.5 System Design Features 83 (3) 5.5.1 Number of Blades 83 (2) 5.5.2 Rotor Upwind or Downwind 85 (1) 5.5.3 Horizontal Axis Versus Vertical Axis 85 (1) 5.5.4 Spacing of the Towers 85 (1) 5.6 Maximum Power Operation 86 (3) 5.6.1 Constant Tip-Speed Ratio Scheme 87 (1) 5.6.2 Peak Power Tracking Scheme 88 (1) 5.7 System Control Requirements 89 (2) 5.7.1 Speed Control 89 (1) 5.7.2 Rate Control 90 (1) 5.8 Environmental Aspects 91 (1) 5.8.1 Audible Noise 91 (1) 5.8.2 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 92 (1) References 92 (1) 6. Electrical Generator 93 (18) 6.1 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 93 (3) 6.1.1 DC Machine 95 (1) 6.1.2 Synchronous Machine 95 (1) 6.1.3 Induction Machine 96 (1) 6.2 Induction Generator 96 (13) 6.2.1 Construction 96 (1) 6.2.2 Working Principle 97 (2) 6.2.3 Rotor Speed and Slip 99 (2) 6.2.4 Equivalent Circuit for Performance Calculations 101 (2) 6.2.5 Efficiency and Cooling 103 (1) 6.2.6 Self-Excitation Capacitance 104 (2) 6.2.7 Torque-Speed Characteristic 106 (1) 6.2.8 Transients 107 (2) References 109 (2) 7. Generator Drives 111 (14) 7.1 Speed Control Regions 112 (2) 7.2 Generator Drives 114 (8) 7.2.1 One Fixed-Speed Drive 116 (1) 7.2.2 Two Fixed-Speeds Drive 117 (2) 7.2.3 Variable-Speed Using Gear Drive 119 (1) 7.2.4 Variable-Speed Using Power Electronics 119 (1) 7.2.5 Scherbius Variable-Speed Drive 120 (1) 7.2.6 Variable-Speed Direct Drive 121 (1) 7.3 Drive Selection 122 (1) 7.4 Cut-Out Speed Selection 122 (2) References 124 (1) 8. Solar Photovoltaic Power System 125 (22) 8.1 The pv Cell 125 (2) 8.2 Module and Array 127 (1) 8.3 Equivalent Electrical Circuit 127 (3) 8.4 Open Circuit Voltage and Short Circuit Current 130 (1) 8.5 i-v and p-v Curves 131 (1) 8.6 Array Design 132 (10) 8.6.1 Sun Intensity 132 (2) 8.6.2 Sun Angle 134 (1) 8.6.3 Shadow Effect 135 (2) 8.6.4 Temperature Effect 137 (1) 8.6.5 Effect of Climate 138 (1) 8.6.6 Electrical Load Matching 138 (1) 8.6.7 Sun Tracking 139 (3) 8.7 Peak Power Point Operation 142 (1) 8.8 pv System Components 143 (2) References 145 (2) 9. Solar Thermal System 147 (14) 9.1 Energy Collection 148 (2) 9.1.1 Parabolic Trough 148 (1) 9.1.2 Central Receiver 149 (1) | ” |
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