The relationship of policy to strategy is a central issue in international studies. Using the little known but highly relevant example of British planning for the occupation in 1945, this text provides a case study in the practicalities of "liberating" enemy territory. It looks at the way in which policy was developed and then reconciled with those of Britain's allies, how negotiations were directly affected by the existing and expected strategic situation, and how the military were involved in the reconstruction of Austria.

After-Fascism's defeat in 1945 Britain did not cooperate with Franco's Spanish opponents to end his dictatorship. This study demonstrates how divisions in the Spanish opposition were one factor but argues that Britain's strategic and commercial interests in Spain also acted as a disincentive. Only when international pressure for sanctions threatened Iberian stability in 1947 did the British government turn to the Spanish opposition. With the advent of the Cold War, however, the opposition became irrelevant to British needs and Franco's survival was guaranteed.

This is a new single volume history of the Communist Party of Great Britain, examining the party from its foundation in 1920 to its demise in the early 1990s. Drawing on original research and a reading of specialist texts, the authors analyze the rise and fall of the party and evaluate its role on the left of British politics. While sympathetic to the ideals and commitment of many British communist activists, the book is sharply critical of much of the actual practice of the party.

This wide-ranging collection brings together multiple perspectives on a key period in Irish history, from the Fenian Rising on 1867 to the creation of the Irish Free State, with a focus on the formation of Irish identity. The chapters, written by a wide range of experts, focus on key individuals or ideological groups and consider how they perceived Ireland's future, what their sense of Irish identity was, and who they saw as the enemy.

No book has examined and compared the thought of the "classical economists" from the perspective of public finance rather than that of pure theory. Until now. This volume critically analyses and compares the writings on government expenditure, taxation and public debt of thinkers such as Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus. These key figures are united by their struggles with fiscal theory - an important feature in the formation and development of political economy. An original and intriguing read, this book breathes fresh life into the history of economic thought. Dome's clear and exciting arguments will make for essential reading for historians of economic thought, economic historians and those with an interest in public finance.

Theatre in Ming China represents a golden age of Asian performance, when an enthusiasm for theatre on the part of the national populace became a nationwide phenomena. Theatre occupied a particularly important place in the life of the elite, for whom owning a theatre troupe was highly fashionable and for whom theatre performances were an integral part of formal gatherings, various rituals and ceremonies. This book provides an overview of elite theatre in Ming China. It is based on an exploration of the original historical records, and includes comparisons with other forms of ancient theatre, and an examination of the details of theatrical performance.

Originally published 1928.
Covering thousands of miles, Clavijo's epic journey began and ended in Cadiz taking in Rhodes, Constantinople, the Black Sea, and Central Asia.
Guy Le Strange's extensive introduction gives excellent historical and political background for the account and the material is supplemented with seven maps and plans.

This book adopts an innovative new approach to examine the role of maritime power and the utility of navies. It uses a number of case studies based upon key Royal Navy operations in the twentieth century to draw out enduring principles about maritime power and to examine the strengths and limitations of maritime forces as instruments of national policy. Individual chapters focus on campaigns and operations from both World Wars and a series of post-1945 crises and conflicts from the Palestine Patrol in the 1940s to Royal Navy operations in support of British policy in the 1990s. Each case study demonstrates critical features of maritime power including: operations during the transition to war; fleet operations in narrow seas; logistics; submarine operations; the impact of air power on maritime operations; blockade; maritime power projection; amphibious warfare; jurisdictional disputes and the law of the sea; and, peace support operations. The contributors to this book all have considerable experience lecturing on these issues at the United Kingdom Joint Services Command and Staff College, where maritime campaign analysis is used to teach the principles of maritime power to officers of the Royal Navy. The book combines an authoritative examination of critical Royal Navy operations during the twentieth century with a sophisticated analysis of the nature of maritime power. As such it is of both historical interest and contemporary relevance and will prove equally valuable to academic historians, military professionals and the general reader.

What is international science and how does it function? This book answers these questions through a detailed study of international congresses on genetics held from 1899 to 1939. It presents a portrait of international science as a product of continuous interactions that involved scientists and their patrons within specific political, ideological, and disciplinary contexts. Drawing on a variety of archival sources--ranging from Stalin's personal papers to the records of the Gestapo and from the correspondence among scientists in different countries to the minutes of the Soviet government's top-secret meetings--it depicts the operations of international science at a time of great political tensions. Arguing that personal networks constitute a major structural component in the discipline's formation, Krementsov traces the emergence of international networks in genetics and explains their role in shaping the international community's reaction to national developments which threatened to undermine the very standing of genetics as an international discipline and which, in the end, profoundly affected the fate of the congress and the fate of the discipline.

Despite the appalling record of the Soviet Union on human rights questions, many western intellectuals with otherwise impeccable liberal credentials were strong supporters the Soviet Union in the interwar period. This book explores how this seemingly impossible situation came about.
Focusing in particular on the work of various official and semi-official bodies, including Comintern, the International Association of Revolutionary Writers, the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, and the Foreign Commission of the Soviet Writers' Union, this book shows how cultural propaganda was always a high priority for the Soviet Union, and how successful this cultural propaganda was in seducing so many Western thinkers.

This book is a new departure in the history of early medieval Germany. Its theme is the relationship between the Saxon nobles and their kings in the tenth century and the first decade of the eleventh, when the Ottonian rulers were confronted with violent conflicts in their native land and, indeed, in their own family. The author examines the roots of discontent in the context of a segmented and fiercely individualistic warrior society. Stressing the familial and domestic character of the feuds, he shows how the very success of the Ottonian's empire-building created inequalities among their aristocratic subjects and kinsmen. The second part of the book focuses on the exalted position of the women of the royal family and Saxon aristocracy, and is supplemented by a remarkable genealogical table. Professor Leyser concludes with a discussion of sacral kingship - the belief that the king was the vicar of Christ and resistance to him therefore sinful - and its actual effectiveness as a curb on aristocratic ambitions and enmities. This important and original interpretation of the history of the Saxon empire makes sense of a period which has often baffled historians. The author does not merely offer a political explanation, but also draws upon insights from social anthropology for a deeper understanding of the nature of this distant society and the causes of its habitual unrest.

More than half a century after his death, Mahatma Gandhi continues to inspire millions throughout the world. Yet modern India, most strikingly in its decision to join the nuclear arms race, seems to have abandoned much of his nonviolent vision. Inspired by recent events in India, Stanley Wolpert offers this subtle and profound biography of India's "Great Soul." Wolpert compellingly chronicles the life of Mahatma Gandhi from his early days as a child of privilege to his humble rise to power and his assassination at the hands of a man of his own faith. This trajectory, like that of Christ, was the result of Gandhi's passion: his conscious courting of suffering as the means to reach divine truth. From his early campaigns to stop discrimination in South Africa to his leadership of a people's revolution to end the British imperial domination of India, Gandhi emerges as a man of inner conflicts obscured by his political genius and moral vision. Influenced early on by nonviolent teachings in Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, and Buddhism, he came to insist on the primacy of love for one's adversary in any conflict as the invincible power for change. His unyielding opposition to intolerance and oppression would inspire India like no leader since the Buddha--creating a legacy that would encourage Martin Luther King, Jr., Nelson Mandela, and other global leaders to demand a better world through peaceful civil disobedience. By boldly considering Gandhi the man, rather than the living god depicted by his disciples, Wolpert provides an unprecedented representation of Gandhi's personality and the profound complexities that compelled his actions and brought freedom to India.

More wide ranging, both geographically and chronologically, than any previous study, this well-illustrated book offers a new definition of Celtic art.
Tempering the much-adopted art-historical approach, Harding argues for a broader definition of Celtic art and views it within a much wider archaeological context. He re-asserts ancient Celtic identity after a decade of deconstruction in English-language archaeology. Harding argues that there were communities in Iron Age Europe that were identified historically as Celts, regarded themselves as Celtic, or who spoke Celtic languages, and that the art of these communities may reasonably be regarded as Celtic art. This new study will be indispensable for those people wanting to take a fresh and innovative perspective on Celtic Art.

Lynn Abrams provides a concise and accessible introduction to this important period in German history. The author examines the political, economic and social structures of the Empire and how Bismarck consolidated his regime, as well as the period leading up to the outbreak of the First World War. This book does not only provide a history of the events of the time but also provides a discussion of social and cultural developments. This second edition has: been fully updated and expanded with all the latest research in the area a new introduction, further reading section including useful websites.

This book examines entrepreneurship and small business in Russia and key countries of Eastern Europe, showing how far small businesses have developed, and discusses how far 'market reforms' and a market mentality have been taken up by ordinary people in the real everyday economy. For each of the countries examined - Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and Estonia - the book reviews the progress of market reforms within the wider context of social and economic transformation, surveys the development of entrepreneurship and small firms so far, and assesses the role of government in the process, and the strengths and weaknesses of the small business sector.